중대부고 2024 고2 1학기 기말 · 영어1

Pre—emption means that a strategy is designed to prevent a rival from starting some particular activity. @ Phe-emptive strategies ote offer the best opportunity to gain advantage over competitior, 2) The concept of pre-emption suggests that timing can be crucial, as taking a particular action or making a decision at one moment can be significantly more beneficial than at another, @)Pre-emption involves increasing advertising efforts before and during a new competitor's market entry to hinder their advertising impact on potential buyers. @ ProdyetTM proliferation is another potential uelinniay strategy which 'is to launch a large variety of product variants. ⑤ If market has a large variety of product variants, consumer can be confused about expanded option.

Perhaps worse than attempting to get the bad news out of the way ① is attempting to soften it or simply not address it at all. This “Mum Effect”— a term coined by psychologists Sidney Rosen and Abraham Tesser in the early 1970s — happens because people want to avoid ② being the target of others’ negative emotions. We all have the opportunity to lead change, yet it often requires of us the courage to deliver bad news to our superiors. We don’t want to be the innocent messenger who falls before a firing line. When our survival instincts ③ occur, they can override our courage until the truth of a situation is watered down. “The Mum Effect and the resulting filtering can have ④ shocked effects in a steep hierarchy,” writes Robert Sutton, an organizational psychologist. “⑤ What starts out as bad news becomes happier and happier as it travels up the ranks — because after each boss hears the news from his or her subordinates, he or she makes it sound a bit less bad before passing it up the chain.”

By noticing the relation between their own actions and resultant external changes, infants develop self-efficacy, a sense that they are agents of the perceived changes. Although infants can notice the effect of their behavior on the physical environment, it is in early social interactions that infants most readily perceive the consequence of their actions. People have perceptual characteristics that virtually assure that infants will orient toward them. They have visually contrasting and moving faces. They produce sound, provide touch, and have interesting smells. In addition, people engage with infants by exaggerating their facial expressions and inflecting their voices in ways that infants find fascinated. But most importantly, these antics are responsive to infants’ vocalizations, facial expressions, and gestures; people vary the pace and level of their behavior in response to infant actions. Consequentially, early social interactions provide a context where infants can easily notice the effect of their behavior.