이화외고 2024 고2 1학기 기말 · 심화영어1

Prior to photography, places did not travel well. While painters have always lifted particular places out of their 'dwelling' and transported them elsewhere, paintings were time-consuming to produce, relatively difficult to transport and one-of-a-kind. The multiplication of photographs especially took place with the introduction of the half-tone plate in the 1880s that made possible the mechanical reproduction of photographs in newspapers, periodicals, books and advertisements. Photography became coupled to consumer capitalism and the globe was now offered 'in limitless quantities, figures, landscapes, events which had not previously been utilised either at all, or only as pictures for one customer'. With capitalism's arrangement of the world as a 'department store', 'the proliferation and circulation of representations achieved a spectacular and virtually inescapable global magnitude'. Gradually photographs became cheap mass-produced objects that made the world visible, aesthetic and desirable. Experiences were 'democratised' by translating them into cheap images. Light, small and mass-produced photographs became dynamic vehicles for the spatiotemporal circulation of places.

The intuitive ability to classify and generalize ①is undoubtedly a useful feature of life and research, but it carries a high cost, such as in our tendency to stereotype generalizations about people and situations. For most people, the word stereotype ②arouses negative connotations: it implies a negative bias. But, in fact, stereotypes do not differ in principle from all other generalizations; generalizations about groups of people are not necessarily negative. Intuitively and quickly, we mentally sort things into groups based on what we perceive the differences between them ③to be, and that is the basis for stereotyping. Only afterwards ____ we aware of (or not) the degree and significance of the variations. Our brain performs these tasks efficiently and automatically, usually without our awareness. The real danger of stereotypes ⑤is not their inaccuracy, but their lack of flexibility and their tendency to be preserved, even when we have enough time to stop and consider.

The consequences of the mechanical breakdown of food by cooking are profound. Both the stiffness and toughness of the food is drastically reduced, (a)making mechanical processing far easier. The forces your teeth need to apply to break up the food __(b)__ lower, and the food releases its cell contents far more easily. The optimal tooth shape for breaking up the food also (c)change. Rather than needing thick, flat plates that can apply large compression forces to grind up tough materials and (d) ____ hard ones, it is better to have molars with pointed ends to cut through the softer food. It loosens at much lower forces and breaks up far more quickly. Modern hunter-gatherers spend far less time chewing their food even than apes that eat relatively soft fruit; they chew for less than an hour a day compared with five or six hours for chimpanzees. (e)This frees up plenty of time for other tasks, such as looking after the fire, making a permanent camp, toolmaking, or further foraging.